Health Equity - 9260 Words

Nursing in 3D: Diversity, Disparities, and Social Determinants The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes Paula Braveman, MD, MPHa Laura Gottlieb, MD, MPHb ABSTRACT During the past two decades, the public health community’s attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)—the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use â€Å"medical care† rather than â€Å"health care† to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between â€Å"health† and â€Å"health care.† The World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as â€Å"the conditions in which people†¦show more content†¦McKeown attributed the dramatic increases in life expectancy since the 19th century primarily to improved living conditions, including nutrition, sanitation, and clean water.23 While advances in medical care also may have contributed,23–26 most authors believe that nonmedical factors, including conditions within the purview of traditional public health, we re probably more important;24 public health nursing, including its role in advocacy, may have played an important role in improved living standards.27 Another example of the limits of medical care is the widening of mortality disparities between social classes in the United Kingdom in the decades following the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, which made medical care universally accessible.28 Using more recent data, Martinson found that although health overall was better in the United Kingdom than in the United States, which lacks universal coverage, disparities in health by income were similar in the two countries.29 Large inequalities in health according to social class have been documented repeatedly across different European countries, again despite more universal access to medical care.30–32 Another often-cited example of the limits of medical care is the fact that, although spending on medical care inShow MoreRelatedGender Equity in Health and Health Care Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesIt is often challenging to have health care services that meet the needs of Canada’s diverse population and the needs of both men and women. Gender influences access to care and women in particular are at risk for face difficulties to care (Ontario Women`s Health Equity Report, 2010 p.1). Women are more likely to be poor and have greater caregiver responsibilities in contrast to men. These both factors are barriers to accessing health services. The way the health care system is organized createsRead MorePoverty, Equity, Human Rights, And Health1390 Words   |  6 Pagesin their 2003 paper offer a review of the established cycle of poverty, equity, human rights, and health with an overview of the links between them; the history of past global efforts; and five recommendations to t he health sector to focus its resources to gain maximum impact. Their paper stands on the shoulders of well-established research and theory. It is well established that there is a link between poverty and poor health, including decreased morbidity and mortality (Irwin Scali, 2007; WagstaffRead MoreHealth Equity. Health Care Is One Of The Most Pressing1755 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Equity Health care is one of the most pressing issues in the media and on people’s minds in today’s society. There is much disagreement on how to solve the problems within the healthcare system, but everyone agrees that there are problems. The significant numbers of Americans who do not have insurance drove the Obama administration to make health care reform one of its top priorities. The rising costs of health care and abuses of the system have motivated the Trump administration to try andRead MoreThe Importance Of Accessibility And Equity Of Primary Health Services Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction With the development of health care system and the enhancing awareness of public health care among the society, the quality of health services is widely discussing in the global. Therefore, an international conference on primary health care is committed which is the Declaration of Alma-Ata on primary health care. It strongly reaffirms the importance of accessibility and equity of primary health services no matter in developed or developing countries (World Health Organization, United NationsRead MoreMental Health Parity And Addiction Equity Act1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) was enacted on October 3, 2008 as sections 511 and 512 of the Tax Extenders and Alternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008. MHPAEA amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act), and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Federal Register, 2013). The MHPAEA is an extensi on of the Mental Health Parity Act of 1996, which prohibited annual or aggregateRead MoreHealth Disparities : Transportation Equity And Applied Theories Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Disparities: Transportation Equity and Applied Theories Summary of the Problem and Applied Middle-Range Theory All people, regardless of demographics, race, age, or physical limitations, deserve to have access to available resources within their own community. According to the American Public Health Association (APHA), health equity is defined as: all individuals merit the opportunity to achieve optimal health (Health Equity, 2016); furthermore, health disparities are described as the â€Å"differencesRead MoreEssay On Health Equity770 Words   |  4 PagesHealth equity has been initiated since 1987 with the system Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). PRAMS collects state-specific data on maternal attitudes and experience, before, during, and after pregnancy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). PRAMS is used to identify groups of women and infants at high risk for health problems. High-risk health problems include high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, which are unfortunately prevalent in Black women. Data from PRAMSRead MoreThe Mental Health Parity And Addiction Equity Act Of 20081410 Words   |  6 Pagespart in mental health care services available to the public. They can determine what options and treatments are available and how much an individual will pay for them. Recent policies including the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, the Affordable Care Act, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act work to expand access to coverage. It is important to know how policies play a role in the health care that individuals receive. The Mental Health Parity and AddictionRead MoreFirst Nations Health And Wellbeing : Government Enacted Health Equity Programming3386 Words   |  14 PagesFirst Nations Health and Wellbeing: Government Enacted Health Equity Programming Health care is a major focus of both the federal and provincial Canadian governments. Policies and programs are created, revised, and implemented in order to improve the overall health and wellbeing of Canadian citizens. Canada’s publically funded health care system offers access to quality health care services and treatment to most citizens. However, extensive research demonstrates that despite government attemptsRead MorePolicy Analysis : Mental Health Parity And Addiction Equity Act Of 20081203 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy Analysis: Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 Current health plans are discriminatory in nature, premiums are based on age, sex, medical history, unhealthy habits, current health status, and what diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions are covered expenses, limiting coverage to services that are medically necessary (Weber, 2013; Smaldone, Cullen-Drill, 2010). Insurers base coverage decisions of like pools, thus â€Å"healthier† people are not required to subsidize the cost

Pros And Cons Of Tariffs - 1127 Words

Pros and Cons of Tariffs Principles of Macroeconomics Columbia Southern University BBA-2401 Angelo Jones Managing the how goods and services enter or leave this country (import/export) is an important process that allows for us to control the economic status of our nation. Sometimes imposing tariffs on the goods imported balances our labor cost, resources and government supported industry. A tariff by definition is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. Economic policy of nations and states, tariffs are tools used to control the flow of goods, services and resources being brought into the country. The overall purpose is to create security for the domestic industry from the imported product. These products can sometimes be less expensive to purchase than the goods being manufactured in the local economy. (McEachern, 2015) The government does this either stimulate or deflate trade with other countries. (Fontinelle, 2012) There are quite a few forms of tariffs that the government may apply based on the condition of the country’s economic welfare. The pros and cons of these forms of tariffs will be reviewed. Discussion on how these tariffs positively or negatively affects the economic stance of the country will be displayed. Tariffs such as the ad valorem, the taxing a percentage of the value of an item and the specific tariff or tax which is a set amount based on weight or sum of items. (McEachern, 2015) The revenue tariffShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Tariffs Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesPresenting the Pros and Cons of Tariffs An important part of managing the economic status of a nation is to manage the methods in which goods and services are imported and exported into and out of the country. Because of differing resources, labor costs, and government support of industry, fiscal policy sometimes includes placing a tariff on imported goods in an attempt to level the economic playing field. â€Å"Tariff† comes originally from the Arabic word ta’rifah meaning â€Å"to make known.† In a moreRead MoreEssay about Jabwood International881 Words   |  4 Pageshave its pros and cons. Pros First year sales are 10% of the target market. Sales growth is estimated at 100 % in two years. There are no restrictions on mobility of funds. Capital can be 100% foreign. Processed wood products are exempted from import taxes. Government Stability is at 61 which means it is not likely for the country to go unstable. Saudi- Arabia is in the Middle East and it also an Islamic country which Jabwood international is familiar with that market. Cons Tariffs on lumberRead MoreSolution For Contemporary Economic Issues Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic globalization. To master these problems, economists adopted two general types of economic theories. The first theory is protectionism, which is a philosophy to protect local markets from foreign competition by putting barriers, such as high tariffs. The second theory is known as trade liberalization. The clue of this theory is to encourage countries to stimulate international trade by reducing restrictions between countries. Today, adopting trade liberalization theory is more practical strategyRead MoreThe Free Trade Agreement Is An Integral Part Of The President s National Export Initiative Goal987 Words   |  4 PagesThe free trade agreement is a pact between two countries or areas in which they both agree to life most or all tariffs, special fees and taxes, and other barriers to trade between the entities. (White, 2015) The main purpose of the free trade agreement is to a llow faster and more businesses between the two countries which is seen to benefit both of them. The United States has free trade agreements with 20 countries. These include 12 bilateral agreements and 2 multilateral agreements. (United StatesRead MoreDiscuss Pros and Cons for Joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership837 Words   |  3 Pages which can lead to long term prosperity for their citizens. In addition to those benefits, many of the tariffs that are enacted in those foreign countries would either be lowered or eliminated, also helping in the process of working towards long term prosperity. Some of the areas of employment that could see these changes most profoundly are the fish and seafood producers. Lowering the tariffs would enable them to have better access to the fish and seafood market in the foreign countries, which isRead MoreInternational Economic Dimensions Of Nutrition Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pros and cons of free trade? Food security is defined as when all people at all times have access to safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (FAO 2003). Therefore, the importance of food security is to the general welfare of the population as a public health and nutrition benefit. Free trade can be defined as a market model in which trade in goods and services between or within countries flow unhindered by government-imposed restrictions such as taxes, duties, tariffs, orRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the early 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MorePros and Cons of the Free Trade Agreements706 Words   |  3 PagesWhile I was on the internet I was researching for the pros and cons of The Free Trade Agreements, and this is what I found: It seems to be a split betwe en the democrats and the republicans. Pros Some believe that the Free trade will increase sales and profit for the US business. I still think this is up in the air. I don’t feel the economy is up, but is it better? They also said that the Free trade will create us jobs for the middle class over a long term, but I also know that there are still a lotRead MorePros and Cons of Nafta Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesPros and cons of NAFTA NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has been getting a lot of not so favorable, and sometimes, controversial headlines in recent years. Some critics blame it for the current labor shortages in the United States, due to the fact that most U.S. companies have been and continue to outsource and ship jobs overseas. However, its proponents have been hailing it as a great success in helping lowering national prices on certain manufactured goods and services andRead MoreCentral America Free Trade Agreement1242 Words   |  5 Pagesagreement with lower tariffs, but to create a free trade area. CAFTA has been compared to NAFTA in many similarities in the areas that they encompass. Though it is speculated that CAFTA-DR is the stepping-stone to reaching the FTAA. The FTAA will include such countries as all of the South American and Caribbean nations, as well as, North America and Mexico, also excluding Cuba. (wiki) With reaching this agreement between the countries to lower tariffs on US products it removed tariffs on 80% of US exported

Ethics Religion vs. Abortion Free Essays

Not every woman was meant to be a mother. Not every couple is meant to have a child. So what happens when an unprepared couple becomes pregnant? The first thoughts are not to carry a baby to full term for it to be adopted or to grant temporary custody. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics: Religion vs. Abortion or any similar topic only for you Order Now People look for the easiest way out which is to get rid of the baby. Our society has become so accustom to instant gratification that there are no thoughts that run through our minds when making such decisions. Our biggest concerns are how much it will cost and who will find out. At what point is the weight of this decision realized? When do we realize that we are taking a life? For this specific reason there are people who boldly stand against abortion. Truly children are a gift from the Lord; the fruit of the womb is a reward (Psalm 127:3 KJV). There are many verses in the bible that explains how children are great gifts and should be cherished and welcomed into the world. The church has stepped in to remind us how gracious the gift of life really is. The religious war on abortion cannot be easily defined. Although people are religious and may fear God, the issue is that there are no consequences during life. There is only a threat that people who have or perform abortions will go to hell in the after life. The churches only weapon is excommunication where they limit a person’s membership or exile them from the church. Originally Catholic Church’s position on excommunication was limited to the abortion of a formed fetus. The theory of a formed fetus came from Aristotle’s concept of ensoulment which was adopted by Christian philosophers. Aristotle believed that fetuses were conceived in a vegetative or animalistic state and that between 40 and 90 days a fetus undergoes â€Å"ensoulment† in which the fetus actually received its human soul. So it was this concept that made abortion a homicide after the 90 period. Church councils usually grouped abortion earlier than the ensoulment with other sex crimes. After 1869 the Catholic Church agreed that ensoulment started at the time of conception, this now made abortion a homicide at anytime, in the eyes of the church. Abortion wasn’t always such a controversial issue in America; there was a time when it was taken lightly. In the early 1800s many mothers died during or after child labor. Lack of medical knowledge and equipment made delivery difficult and because of this aborting children was a norm. Although there seemed to be less death surrounding abortion, the procedure was reevaluated in the late 1800s and anti-abortion laws were put into place. By 1910 almost all of the states had declared abortion illegal due to its immorality; some believed that laws were put into place because the early settlers feared being over populated by the immigrants that were traveling to our country at the time. Others believed that Doctors led lawmakers to criminalize abortion. This was their way of taking control of the practice. Many abortions were performed by female practitioners in women’s homes. To get those women to get back into doctor’s offices they claimed that their main objective was to protect women from the dangerous abortion techniques practiced outside of the office. After these laws were put into place abortions were to be performed by doctors only after they determine if the pregnancy would endanger the mother or child. After six decades of illegal abortions throughout the United States they were convinced to give women back the rights to their bodies with Roe v. Wade in 1973. Legalizing abortion dropped the number of pregnancy related hospitalizations by 75 percent almost instantly. That number has continued to drop over the years and has reached less than 1 percent. Legalizing abortion has saved a lot of lives but there are still many obstacles that woman face when making this grave decision. When it comes down to which law is more relevant it is easy to say the law of the land prevails. Simply because in our times there is not much respect for religion. Many people don’t know what they believe in or would rather believe in nothing. When it comes to something to have faith in or look up to it is often monetary. These are the beliefs of the youths, that money will help them get through anything. Older generations know that you need to have faith in something that can make you feel loved. Money is not abundantly available to any of us, while God, Jesus and his word are readily available for us all. Many people do not attend church and don’t read the bible so to them there is no other law than what they see in front of them. The law of the land is gives direction to those who are seeking abortions. Protestors that harass and even use violence towards people seeking abortions will not enlighten them. The church must find a way to reach out to people so they may realize what kinds of options they have. The state offers counseling, adoption agencies, and welfare to those seeking assistance with children. When it comes to assistance it doesn’t seem that the church has much to offer but it does seem that they are quick to judge. Researching this paper has enlightened me on abortion. I didn’t know that there were so many deaths involved with illegal abortions. I mainly focused on what has happened in the United States. Digging deeper I found that there are still many countries that have not yet legalized abortion. Cuba and Guyana are the only countries in Central and South America that are allowed to practice abortion. In this area there are over four million illegal abortions done every year even though this region is the biggest Roman Catholic region in the world. Women who are well off are able to use large sums of money to get into professionals offices. While poor women take the risk of having abortions below medical standards. After already going through the trauma of an awful procedure when these women are taken to the hospital they are questioned and then often thrown in jail awaiting trial or even convicted. There have even been convictions in the United States for performing late-term abortions. Most states prohibit abortions after viability or the point when a fetus can survive outside the womb. Viability is often around 28 weeks but at 21 weeks the fetus has already developed all its organs and body structures. I have never had an abortion and hope that it is never a decision I will have to struggle with. I am very safe and take the proper precautions that will save me and my unborn child. There is so much that is readily available for us, condoms, birth control, and abstinence plus many other ways to protect ourselves. Although I agree that the procedure should be available, I also believe that they should know and exhaust all options. Ultimately I cannot give a stern opinion on the matter. I have never been in a place where I have to choose to take someone’s life or dedicate my own. I do understand the state of our economy and that many people are not in the proper place to raise a child. If you don’t know where your next meal will come from or how you will be making your next mortgage payment, you may not want to bring a child into a world of stress and frustration. Bibliography â€Å"Abortion. † Methods of. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"National Abortion Federation: History of Abortion. † National Abortion Federation (NAF). Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . BBC News. BBC. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Your Baby’s Developments in the Womb. † Askamum. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Baby’s Development in the Womb. † – MyDr. com. au. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Major U. S. Laws concerning Abortion. † U. S. LAWS RESTRICTING ABORTION. Web. 08 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"The Bible and Abortion. † What the Bible Says about Abortion! Web. 08 Apr. 2012. . How to cite Ethics: Religion vs. Abortion, Essay examples

One of the first scenes in the visual text Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare and directed by Baz Luhrmann Essay Example For Students

One of the first scenes in the visual text Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare and directed by Baz Luhrmann Essay Describe the first ONE or TWO scenes in the text. Explain how verbal and/or visual features were used in this scene or scenes to suggest what the text would be about. I will be writing about one of the first scenes in the visual text Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare and directed by Baz Luhrmann. One of the first scenes in Romeo and Juliet was the fight between the Montagues and Capulets at a gas station in Verona. A foolish Montague bites his thumb at a Capulet and a fight is about to break out when Benvolio another Montague tries to keep the peace and orders everyone to put up their guns or swords as they are called in the film. However, when Tybalt arrives and Benvolio tells him that he wants to make peace I do but keep the peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, Tybalt just sneers at him and replies, Peace? I hate the word as I hate hell all Montagues and thee. This then leads to the long awaited fight, which not only affects the Montagues and Capulets, but also causes a lot of destruction to the city of Verona. This scene then finally ends when the Prince arrests Benvolio and Tybalt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ put your mistempered weapons to the group! and warns the two families that if ever they cause any more civil disruption, then they will pay with their lives. There were a number of visual techniques that were used during this scene to suggest that this visual text would be about the hatred between the Montagues and Capulets and how this hatred would eventually affect these two families. A visual technique used to show the hatred between the families during the scene was the use of close ups, including the close up of the Add Fuel to Fire sign, and the fearful faces of the Montagues, which led up to the arrival of Tybalt and created a lot of tension and apprehension. The use of close ups for this purpose made me think about how greatly Tybalt was feared because of his volatile, violent personality. Another visual technique used was how the Montagues and Capulets were made to contrast with each other through the use of costume and music. For example, the Montagues wore brightly coloured clothing which showed their laidback, careless personality, while the Capulets wore dark, sophisticated clothing to show that they were more serious, violent and more fearful. Loud, rock music had also been used to introduce the Montagues as careless and laidback while the Capulets were introduced through the use of soft, Latino guitar music to depict them as darker, more serious people. The use of music and costumes to contrast the two families helped me to understand how they were completely different to each other and that these differences would continue to cause a lot of conflict throughout this film. In conclusion, the visual techniques used during this scene made me think about how destructive hatred between people can  be and that instead of being so stubborn and filled with pride, they should give up and make peace such as Benvolio. However, after watching the opening scene, one can come to the realisation that some are willing to hate and hurt enemies at the expense of innocent people.